Princess Elizabeth Becomes Queen at Age 25

Princess Elizabeth (born Elizabeth Alexandra Mary on April 21, 1926) became Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 at the age of 25. Her father, King George VI suffered from lung cancer for much of his later life and died in his sleep on February 6, 1952, at age 56. Upon his death, Princess Elizabeth, his oldest daughter, became Queen of England.   The Death and Burial of King George VI Princess Elizabeth and her husband, Prince Philip, were in East Africa when King George died. The couple had been visiting Kenya as part of the beginning of a planned five-month tour of Australia and New Zealand when they received the news of King Georges death. With this very sad news, the couple immediately made plans to return to Great Britain. While Elizabeth was still flying home, Englands Accession Council met to officially determine who was the heir to the throne. By 7 p.m. it was announced that the new monarch would be Queen Elizabeth II. When Elizabeth arrived in London, she was met at the airport by Prime Minister  Winston Churchill  to begin preparation for the viewing and burial of her father. After laying in state at Westminster Hall for over 300,000 people to pay respect to his image, King George VI was buried on February 15, 1952,  at St. Georges Chapel in Windsor, England. The funeral procession involved the entire royal court and 56 chimes from Big Ben, one for each year of the kings life.   The First Television Broadcast Royal Coronation Over a year after her fathers death, Queen Elizabeth IIs coronation was held at Westminster Abbey  on June 2, 1953. It was the first televised coronation in history (yet excluded the communion and anointing). Before the coronation, Elizabeth II and Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh, moved into Buckingham Palace in preparation for her reign.   Although it was highly believed that the royal house would assume Philips name, becoming the  House of Mountbatten, Elizabeth IIs grandmother, Queen Mary, and Prime Minister Churchill favored retaining the  House of Windsor.  Ã‚  Ultimately, Queen Elizabeth II released a proclamation on April 9, 1952, a full year before the coronation, that the royal house would remain as Windsor. However, after the death of Queen Mary in March of 1953, the name Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for male-line descendants of the couple.   Despite Queen Marys untimely death three months prior, the coronation in June continued as planned, as the former queen had requested before her death. The coronation gown worn by Queen Elizabeth II was embroidered with the floral symbols of Commonwealth countries including the English Tudor rose, Welsh leek, Irish shamrock, Scots thistle, Australian wattle, New Zealand silver fern, South African protea, Indan and Ceylon lotus, Pakistani wheat, cotton, and jute and the Canadian maple leaf.   The Current Royal Family of England As of February 2017, Queen Elizabeth II is still the reigning queen of England at 90 years old. The current royal family consists of her offspring with  Philip. Their son Charles, Prince of Wales, married his first wife Diana, who bore their sons Prince Henry (of Wales) and William (Duke of Cambridge), who in turn married Kate (Duchess of Cambridge), who bore Prince George and Princesses Charlotte (of Cambridge). Prince Charles married Camilla (Duchess of Cornwall) in 2005. Elizabeths daughter Princess Royal Anne married Captain Mark Phillips and bore Peter Phillips and Zara Tindall, both of which married and had children (Peter fathered Savannah and Isla with wife Autumn Phillips and Zara mothered Mia Grace with husband Mike Tendall). Queen Elizabeth IIs son Andrew (Duke of York) married Sarah (Duchess of York) and sired Princesses Beatrice and Eugenia of York. The queens youngest son, Edward (Earl of Wessex) married Sophie (Countess of Wessex) who gave birth to Lady Louise Windsor and Viscount Severn James.

Models amd Stages of Memory Essay - 746 Words

In order to understand what memory is one can start by understanding the opposite of it which is known as the condition named amnesia. Amnesia is the incapability and failure to recollect information which previously was stored in ones memory (Evans, 1979). If that is the case then memory must be the capability to process information in order to recollect it as data remains maintained (Maltin, 2005). Ideally psychologists have believes that memory consist of three aspects, these basic stages collaborate when an event is recalled. These stages which are being outline are the encoding, storage and retrieval stages of memory (Ghoneim, 2001). The three stages work in turns in order to collect information and situate it together to create the†¦show more content†¦One of their main arguments was that information is processed in three different ways including the structural processing, phonemic processing and semantic processing. So, how do these processes work? Structural processi ng and phonemic processing are both division found within the shallow process. Shallow processing simply implicates the maintenance through rehearsal which heads towards ones short term maintenance of information as repetition helps and individual hold data in the STM, which is the only rehearsal that happens within the multi store model. The shallow form of processing information can be seen as just physical where one looks at information, when one is looking at how the information sounds like it is known as phonetics which is still part of shallow processing (Li, 2010). Now, deep processing on the other hand involves elaboration rehearsal. This is a more meaningful analysis as it involve; images, thinking, associations of information and so on, which leads to better recollection. And this is where semantic processing comes in, this is the happening of when one encodes the meaning of a word and relate it back to similar words consisting similar meaning as a word is giving a meaning or linking to previous knowledge (Surprenant and Neath, 2013). Craik and Tulving (1975) conducted an experiment with participants who were made to believe that the test which was taken was to aid the finding to test for ones reaction times. HoweverShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of 2015 Advanced Micro Devices7591 Words   |  31 PagesAdvanced Micro Devices (AMD) was in a difficult position. The once formidable competitor in multiple facets of the personal computer market had seen its strong profits turn negative and its debt totals rise. The company was finding it difficult to compete across multiple markets with due to a number of factors. The most important of which was a series of weak product offerings, which created a larger gap in the quality of AMD’s products when compared with the competition. AMD had once held large marketRead MoreComputers With Complete Compatibly, We Can Check Hardware Software Compatibility Through This Analyzing Report1495 Words   |  6 Pages there are three principle processor producers: AMD, Cyrix, and Intel. Each of these organizations have great and awful audits, and truly each of them are close in similarity and unwavering quality. While considering any of these processors confirm the motherboard is good. For instance, if an Intel motherboard is acquired or as of now introduced into the PC, buy an Intel Processor, an AMD processor just chips away at a motherboard intended for AMD. Hard Disk When acquiring a hard drive, it is vitalRead More2015 Advanced Micro Devices ( Amd )8126 Words   |  33 PagesAdvanced Micro Devices (AMD) was in a difficult position. 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The chip industry is intensely competitive, particularly between the two largest chip manufacturers - Intel (who holds the industry s top position and sets desktop processor standards) and AMD (who is beginning to successfully challenge Intel s leadership position). Contracts with major computer manufacturers and other significant customers can cause an immediate swing in the chip makers market shares. Growing demand for electronicsRead MoreIntel And Microsoft Vs. Microsoft Essay2084 Words   |  9 PagesIntel and Microsoft as the core components of the first IBM PC, Intel and Microsoft have been joined at the hip. In this paper, we tap recently available data revealed by the U.S. Department of Justice to explore the Intel-Microsoft relationship and model the dynamics of competition between complementary players. 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Algorithms Pseudocode Flowcharts Essay Example For Students

Algorithms Pseudocode Flowcharts Essay Correct the seasoning, adding more salt or molasses to taste. . Transfer the sauce to a clean bottle, You can use it right away, but the flavor will improve it you let it age for a few days. Volcanic Hot Sauce will keep almost indefinitely, refrigerated or at room temperature. Just give it a good shake before using. As you can see, this algorithm is a really a recipe, that is, a setoffs step- by-step instructions that takes raw ingredients and produces a tasty result, In general, an algorithm can be described as a procedure to solve a problem. In the context of computer programming, an algorithm, is defined as a: well-ordered collection Of unambiguous and effectively computable operations, that even executed, produces a result and halts in a finite amount of time. 1 Characteristics of an Algorithm Well-ordered: the steps are in a clear order Unambiguous: the operations described are understood by a computing agent without further simplification Effectively computable: the computing agent can actually carry out the operation Method for Developing an Algorithm I _ Define the problem: State the problem you are trying to solve in clear and concise terms. List the inputs (information needed to solve the problem) and the outputs (What the algorithm Will produce as a result) 3. Describe the steps needed to convert or manipulate the inputs to produce the outputs. Start at a high level first, and keep refining the steps until they are effectively computable operations. 4. Test the algorithm: choose data sets and verify that your a lgorithm works! Definition from: An Invitation to Computer Science (Cresting/Schneider) via http://YMMV. CSS. Xx. Discredits,off/sects 1 Over dads/Weatherproofing . HTML visited 19JLJN2009) BC Farman I ME 30 Computer Applications I Algorithms, Pseudopodia, and Flowcharts. Doc 21JAN2010 Page I of 6 Structured Programming In 1 966, computer scientists Corridor BÂ ¶hem and Giuseppe Jacobin demonstrated that all programs could be written using three control structures: Sequence, Selection, and Repetition 2 The sequence structure is the construct where one statement is executed after another The selection structure is the construct where statements can executed or skipped depending on whether a condition evaluates to TRUE or FALSE There are three selection structures in C: . 5 ELSE 3. SWITCH The repetition structure is the construct where statements can be executed repeatedly until a condition evaluates to TRUE or FALSE There are three repetition structures in C: 1. WHILE 2. DO WHILE 3. FOR Pseudopodia (or Program Design Language) Consists of natural language-like statements that precisely describe the steps of an algorithm or program Statements describe actions 3 Focuses on the logic of the algorithm or program Avoids language-specific elements Written at a level so that the desired programming code can be generated almost automatically from each statement Steps are numbered. Subordinate numbers and/or indentation are used for dependent statements in selection and repetition structures Corridor; B. And Jacobin, G. (May 1966). Flow Diagrams, Turing Machines and Languages with Only Two Formation Rules. Communications of the ACM 9 (5): 366-371, 3 Some programmers also include data declarations in their pseudopodia, think this is a good idea, because it helps you keep track of the variables that you will need in the algorithm and can help you think through what data types are deed. Some programmers will add an ending Kiev,word on a separate line to make it explicit where 3 selection or repetition Structure ends, for example: ENDING, INDWELL, etc. On the one hand, this is good because it makes clear where the selection or repetition block ends, but on the other hand it adds to the length of the pseudopodia, and such statements will not translate into an actual line of code in C. In a language like Pascal however, they will. ] Farman I ME 30 Computer Applications I Algorithms, Pseudopodia, and Flowcharts-doc 21JAN2010 page 2 of 6 Pseudopodia Language Constructs S Come meet Compute vary as the sum of x and y Assign expression to vary Increment counter 1 Input/output Input: Get vary, vary, Output: Display vary, vary, . Selection Single-selection IF l. Condition THEN (IF condition is true, then do subordinate statement l, etc. If condition is false, then skip statements) 1. 1 statement I 1. 2 etc. Double-Selection 2. .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4 , .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4 .postImageUrl , .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4 , .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4:hover , .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4:visited , .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4:active { border:0!important; } .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4:active , .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4 .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud3f1e1fa92b39af76655118d54057cb4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Impact on wide area network EssayIF condition THEN (IF condition is true, then do subordinate statement 1, etc. If condition is false, then skip statements and execute statements under ELSE) statement 1 2. 2 etc. 3. ELSE (else if condition is not true, then do subordinate statement 2, etc 3. 1 Statement 2 3. 2 statement 3 4. SWITCH expression OF 4. 1 case 1: actions 4. 2 case 2: actions 4. 3 etc. 4. 4 default: actions Repetition 5. WHILE condition (while condition is true, then do subordinate statements) 5. 1 statement I 5. 2 etc. DO WHILE structure (like WHILE, but tests condition at the end of the loop. Thus, statements in the Structure Will always be executed at least once. ) 6. DO 6. 1 statement 1 6. 2 etc. 7. WHILE condition See Pseudopodia Standard at typesetters. SC. Calmly. Du/?jadedly/SEE/PDP_SST . HTML for more examples. BC Farman I ME 30 Computer Applications I Algorithms, Pseudopodia, and Flowcharts_doc 21JAN2010 Page 3 of 6 POOR structure (a specialized version Of WHILE for repeating execution Of statements a specific number of times) 8. FOR bounds on repetition 8. 1 statement 1 8. 2 etc. Pseudopodia Example Express an algorithm to get two numbers from the user (dividend and divisor), testing to make sure that the divisor number is not zero, and displaying their quotient using pseudopodia Declare variables: dividend, divisor, quotient Prompt user to enter dividend and divisor Get dividend and divisor divisor is equal to zero, THEN 4. 1. DO 4. 1. I. Display error message, divisor must be Nan-zero 4. 1. 2. Prompt user to enter divisor Get divisor 4. 2. WHILE divisor is equal to zero ENDING Display dividend and divisor Calculate quotient as dividend/divisor Display quotient Flowcharts A graphical tool that diagrammatically depicts the Steps and Structure Of an algorithm or program Symbols 6 , 7 (the most commonly used ones) Symbol Name/Meaning Meaning Process Any type of internal operation: data transformation, data event, logic operation, etc, Connector connects sections of the flowchart, so that the diagram can maintain a smooth, linear flow Input/Output ? input or output of data Terminal indicates start or end of the program or algorithm Decision evaluates a condition or statement and branches depending on whether the evaluation is true or false Flow lines arrows that indicate the direction of the progression of the program For a comprehensive tutorial on flowcharting, see: Chapin, N. (1970).

Teenage Depression Essays (979 words) - Abnormal Psychology

Teenage Depression Depression is a disease that afflicts the human psyche in such a way that the afflicted tends to act and react abnormally toward others and themselves. Therefore it comes to no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths in youths aged 15 to 19 than cardiovascular disease or cancer (Blackman, 1995). Despite this increased suicide rate, depression in this age group is greatly underdiagnosed and leads to serious difficulties in school, work and personal adjustment which may often continue into adulthood. How prevalent are mood disorders in children and when should an adolescent with changes in mood be considered clinically depressed? Brown (1996) has said the reason why depression is often over looked in children and adolescents is because "children are not always able to express how they feel." Sometimes the symptoms of mood disorders take on different forms in children than in adults. Adolescence is a time of emotional turmoil, mood swings, gloomy thoughts, and heightened sensitivity. It is a time of rebellion and experimentation. Blackman (1996) observed that the "challenge is to identify depressive symptomatology which may be superimposed on the backdrop of a more transient, but expected, developmental storm." Therefore, diagnosis should not lay only in the physician's hands but be associated with parents, teachers and anyone who interacts with the patient on a daily basis. Unlike adult depression, symptoms of youth depression are often masked. Instead of expressing sadness, teenagers may express boredom and irritability, or may choose to engage in risky behaviors (Oster & Montgomery, 1996). Mood disorders are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety (Oster & Montgomery, 1996), eating disorders (Lasko et al., 1996), hyperactivity (Blackman, 1995), substance abuse (Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996) and suicide (Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996; Oster & Montgomery, 1996) all of which can hide depressive symptoms. The signs of clinical depression include marked changes in mood and associated behaviors that range from sadness, withdrawal, and decreased energy to intense feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts. Depression is often described as an exaggeration of the duration and intensity of "normal" mood changes (Brown 1996). Key indicators of adolescent depression include a drastic change in eating and sleeping patterns, significant loss of interest in previous activity interests (Blackman, 1995; Oster & Montgomery, 1996), constant boredom (Blackman, 1995), disruptive behavior, peer problems, increased irritability and aggression (Brown, 1996). Blackman (1995) proposed that "formal psychologic testing may be helpful in complicated presentations that do not lend themselves easily to diagnosis." For many teens, symptoms of depression are directly related to low self esteem stemming from increased emphasis on peer popularity. For other teens, depression arises from poor family relations which could include decreased family support and perceived rejection by parents (Lasko et al., 1996). Oster & Montgomery (1996) stated that "when parents are struggling over marital or career problems, or are ill themselves, teens may feel the tension and try to distract their parents." This "distraction" could include increased disruptive behavior, self-inflicted isolation and even verbal threats of suicide. So how can the physician determine when a patient should be diagnosed as depressed or suicidal? Brown (1996) suggested the best way to diagnose is to "screen out the vulnerable groups of children and adolescents for the risk factors of suicide and then refer them for treatment." Some of these "risk factors" include verbal signs of suicide within the last three months, prior attempts at suicide, indication of severe mood problems, or excessive alcohol and substance abuse. Many physicians tend to think of depression as an illness of adulthood. In fact, Brown (1996) stated that "it was only in the 1980's that mood disorders in children were included in the category of diagnosed psychiatric illnesses." In actuality, 7-14% of children will experience an episode of major depression before the age of 15. An average of 20-30% of adult bipolar patients report having their first episode before the age of 20. In a sampling of 100,000 adolescents, two to three thousand will have mood disorders out of which 8-10 will commit suicide (Brown, 1996). Blackman (1995) remarked that the suicide rate for adolescents has increased more than 200% over the last decade. Brown (1996) added that an estimated 2,000 teenagers per year commit suicide in the United States, making it the leading cause of death after accidents and homicide. Blackman (1995) stated that it is not uncommon for young people to be preoccupied with issues of mortality and to contemplate the effect their death would have on

Free Essays on After The Civil War

After the Civil War INTRODUCTION From the aftermath of the Civil War through the Spanish-American War and World War I, the United States had a prominent place on the international stage of politics between 1865 and 1920. This essay will give an overview of those years and some of the roles the United States played in the international political scene. AFTER THE CIVIL WAR There were tremendous political, economic, social, and legal changes that occurred between the years of 1865 and 1877. These changes, including the Reconstruction, began around the time of the Civil War and only continued to escalate after it had ended. Indeed, there were quite a few conflicts that came out of as well as were solved by the war, but some of the most instrumental had to do with how blacks were treated by the whites. As the war raged on, black cotton farmers were looking forward to a Northern victory, which would ultimately give them their freedom; however, if the South were to win, those in the Confederate states would succumb to the ongoing imprisonment of slavery. It appeared as though the white man did not want to part with all the money the black farmers were making for them, which is why they fought so hard to make sure slavery kept on going. After the North's victory, black cotton farmers finally received the freedom they so desperately wanted. When the Reconstruction Period arrived, it looked as though blacks were going to gain even more rights alongside the emancipation that had already taken place; however, it actually proved to represent a time "of much disappointment" (Kirkendale 2002, PG) for many. It was not that laws were not in place as a means by which to protect blacks from the injustices once faced, but those laws were often ignored by the whites. The provisions, as they called them, were meant to provide blacks with the ability to perform the same as others, without the restrictions of be... Free Essays on After The Civil War Free Essays on After The Civil War After the Civil War INTRODUCTION From the aftermath of the Civil War through the Spanish-American War and World War I, the United States had a prominent place on the international stage of politics between 1865 and 1920. This essay will give an overview of those years and some of the roles the United States played in the international political scene. AFTER THE CIVIL WAR There were tremendous political, economic, social, and legal changes that occurred between the years of 1865 and 1877. These changes, including the Reconstruction, began around the time of the Civil War and only continued to escalate after it had ended. Indeed, there were quite a few conflicts that came out of as well as were solved by the war, but some of the most instrumental had to do with how blacks were treated by the whites. As the war raged on, black cotton farmers were looking forward to a Northern victory, which would ultimately give them their freedom; however, if the South were to win, those in the Confederate states would succumb to the ongoing imprisonment of slavery. It appeared as though the white man did not want to part with all the money the black farmers were making for them, which is why they fought so hard to make sure slavery kept on going. After the North's victory, black cotton farmers finally received the freedom they so desperately wanted. When the Reconstruction Period arrived, it looked as though blacks were going to gain even more rights alongside the emancipation that had already taken place; however, it actually proved to represent a time "of much disappointment" (Kirkendale 2002, PG) for many. It was not that laws were not in place as a means by which to protect blacks from the injustices once faced, but those laws were often ignored by the whites. The provisions, as they called them, were meant to provide blacks with the ability to perform the same as others, without the restrictions of be...

Compare readings - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Compare readings - Smart Custom Writing Lacan?s Mirror StageAccording to Jacques (214), the mirror stage occurs when a baby, starting from six months finds out its own reflection in the mirror. The infant will then revolve towards the grown-up that is grasping it and begs that adult to prove with her or his appearance what it sees in the mirror that is the picture of a mastery not yet attained. The mind or consciousness can be categorized into three major patterns that control our lives and our needs. The three categories include the real, the imaginary and the symbolic order. Many of Lacan’s conditions for the occupied complication of the mind’s mechanism can be associated to the three main ideas that connect generally to the three major moments in the person’s growth as sketched in the Lacan’s module on psychosexual growth. The real order or perception is the state of nature from which we have been ceaselessly detached by our way into verbal communication and it is a period of wholeness which is later lost through the access into language (Jacques 195). This state of nature is a state of needs satisfaction and it involves the neo-natal kids that have no intelligence for any division between them and the outside world. An example related to this kind of state is an animal that is on heat as it refers to a need that is followed by a hunt for satisfaction.   This state goes on to apply its power throughout one’s adult life, as it is the astound against which all an individual’s desires and linguistic formation eventually fall short. The imaginary stage matches to the mirror stage and marks the movement of the issue from original need to command.   It is mainly self-centered even if it locates the period for the fantasies of wish.  Ã‚   For example as the kid starts to identify that its body is disconnected from its mother’s world it starts to experience nervousness that results from a feeling of something lost(Groves 320).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, the symbolic stage involves language and narrative whereby as the kid goes into language, agrees the system and becomes able to handle others. This stage is made possible after acceptance. For example when the child accepts the name of the father he identifies the help of meaning and role of the symbolic stage (Groves 52). Work Cited Jacques, Lacan. The Mirror Stage.   New York: W.W Norton publishers. 2002. pp. 132-347 Groves, Leader. Introducing Lacan. Cambridge, UK: Icon Books Publishers. 200. pp.47-430

Critical Thinking in the Classroom Management Bloom's Taxonomy as a Essay

Critical Thinking in the Classroom Management Bloom's Taxonomy as a Learning Tool - Essay Example (Athanassiou et al, 2003). In the context of learning new matters and finding out early benefits to be derived from it, it is necessary to organize the required operation into sequences, in order that this is laid out and gained in capabilities or derivation of information, and also evaluating the results repeatedly, so that they could be used effectively to measure results and make necessary needed corrections, if need be. The systematic instruction designs in terms of what the students need to know, or should be able to do, when the rendering of instructions are completed. The necessary links needs to be established between the mode of instruction and the perceived results that would be derived. It is seen that over the years, the fundamental model of systematic instruction design has changed over time, but the basic element of ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Develop, Implement and Evaluate) remains intact. (Business Performance, 2008). In the first stage, the problem is defined in its proper context, and the areas in which it would be used are delineated. In the present study, it is seen that the main area of focus is correctly and cogently defined, in that this aspect would form the core of the undertaken work and would have an important bearing on the course of the proceedings. (Holland, 2005). The solution for the issues would have direct bearing on the scope of its definition and purpose: (Holland, 2005). Next, the ADDIE method analysis would be considered at later stage. It is seen that according to this Bloom classification, cognitive is the most simplest and result evaluation is the most difficult aspect. (Malachowski, 2002). Further, it could be said that the Addie Model mainly concerns itself with the following five aspects: 1. What are the main objectives that need to be achieved 2. What kind of skill sets, information systems and attitudes need to be developed and honed 3. The usage of resources and strategies 4. Structure of content of learning materials 5. Assessment of the evaluation and feedbacks that the learner's comprehension have met with the key objectives needed (Strickland, n.d.). The aspects of analysis in the context of this strategy could be seen in terms of the following: 1. How organizations and training program objectives could impact upon the classifications of the management of classroom and the use of learning tools for critical thinking. 2. Confirm regarding the operational efficacy of training to suit these requirements 3. Contextually, it is also necessary to speak out the administrative requirement of training. 4. Determine strategies for the shifting of learned skills into work processes 5. Preparation of a complete evaluation of project risks, assumptions and opportunities available. 6. Compile the significant factors of training vendors/trainers 7. Determine the target members, program entry and its requirements and the special requirements of participants and their special needs. 8. Assess extent of knowledge and training of participants a

SUSTAINABLE MARKETING- critical analyze an organization Essay

SUSTAINABLE MARKETING- critical analyze an organization - Essay Example As far as the triple bottom line is concerned, the airline has made a number of steps towards achieving these three requirements. According to its official website (Emirates), it has a foundation called the Emirates Airline Foundation. This foundation has the task of providing funding in a number of crucial projects within the developing world. This has thus helped to improve the livelihoods of the people living within these countries. The airline has also committed itself to follow the four pillar strategy set by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). These are aimed at ensuring that the levels of carbon emissions come down. The airline has done this through a number of strategies such as the adoption of technology that is advanced. It has also committed itself to use of efficient aircrafts that reduce the amounts of emissions, as well as, the noise in the environment. This has helped the company maintain an emission level that is 30% lower than the average airline emis sions. The company has also employed a strategy of recycling and waste reduction, staff education, lower energy use and greater communication. Equally, it has the ‘environmental champions’ program, which empowers staff to be environmentally conscious at home, at work and any other place they visit (Emirates). As far as profitability is concerned, the company’s website states that it has sought to ensure this is maintained through its policy of being an ecologically efficient organization. This means that the company will try to reduce pollution and use fewer resources. This will enable it to conserve the already dwindling natural resources. As far as a customer relation is concerned, the airline has ensured that comfort throughout the travel is assured. This is ensured through a number of strategies such as the cuisine served in the plane, the seats as well as the polite staff on the plane (Emirates). An affirmation of the airlines efforts can be seen in the numb er of awards it has been granted. In 2010, the company won the 2010 World Travel and Tourism Council’s (WTTC) conservation award for its Emirates Hotels and Resorts. It also got the 2010 Skytrax Airline award for its airline in-flight entertainment. The steps that the company has taken have made it the second most profitable airline globally (Graham et al., 2008). In light with this, the company has been successful in maintaining itself commercially through its competitive advantage strategies. The company has, however, issued a profit warning of a 76% drop in its profit in the 2012-2013 financial years, mainly due to the cost of fuel (Emirates). 2 Stakeholder Analysis There are a number of stakeholders who relate to the Emirates airlines. These are the customers, the competition, the company itself and the community around it. Analysis of these stake holders is deliberated on in the following section in a bid to understand the company better. 3 Customer Analysis The company has three categories of customer accommodation. These are first class, business class and economy class. These three forms of accommodations represent three different types of individuals. The first class customer is the one who is willing to pay a large sum

Crafty madness Essay Example for Free

Crafty madness Essay Hamlets situation in the play concerning family and love for Ophelia is obviously going to affect him, however the term madness has been questioned as too dramatic and perhaps a more accurate condition to describe Hamlets behaviour is melancholic behaviour. Melancholic behaviour is a condition causing emotional insanity accompanied by extreme depression. Many incidents and speeches of Hamlet are similar to melancholic behaviour: King: Was not like madness. Theres something in his soul, Oer which his melancholy sits on brood. (Act 3, Scene 1) Although this term is not commonly used these days, in the past and still in Shakespeares period melancholic behaviour was a recognised condition. Further support that melancholic behaviour was commonly termed in the 16th century comes from Timothy Brights: Treatise of Melancholy (1586): The perturbations of melancholy are for the most part sad and fearfulas distrust, doubt, diffidence or despair sometimes furious and sometimes merry in appearance, through a kind of sardonic and false laughter as the humour is disposed that procureth these diversions. Therefore not only would Shakespeare be familiar with this behaviour but the audience of the time would also identify it. This condition could be identified by symptoms Hamlet shows for example, Hamlet with good reason displays suits of woe, he sighs and his: dejected haviour of the visage (Act 1, scene 2) In particular after Hamlet has spoken to his fathers ghost he begins to feel paranoid, he even distrusts the ghost at first not only that but the purity of Ophelia and his own inability to act. Other relevant symptoms include the fury towards his Mother because of her marriage and his sardonic joking with the players from The Murder of Gonzago and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The theory of melancholic behaviour is suggestible and rational especially as it was a recognised condition at the time the play was written, however, it doesnt explain enough of Hamlets behaviour or the language, which is used to portray it. In some parts of the play Hamlet talks to other characters and appears to be mad when he is obviously not. For example in Act 2, scene 2 Hamlet seems to patronize Polonius by answering his questions in a way he is clearly in control of: Polonius: Do you know me my Lord? Hamlet: Excellent well, you are a fishmonger, Hamlet obviously knows Polonius, but as Polonius has asked him this question as if he were mad Hamlet answers as if he were mad, but clearly just to humour him. This is supported by Hamlets statement as Polonius leaves the room: These tedious old fools (Line 219) Hamlet also taunts Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and leads them astray by what they realise as, Crafty madness. To add to this the way in which Hamlet expresses his feelings to his Mother all suggest his behaviour and the way he talks to people isnt madness but excuse to act how he feels and speak his mind in a court where no one speaks the truth. This style of Hamlets is allusively presented in his language which also through his madness is allowed to be more rich and creative rather than aristocratic like the other characters. Hamlet uses many proverbial sayings and puns in the play. The authenticity of Hamlets madness is a mystery that cannot be solved, this is perhaps why the play is enjoyed by the audience so much, the huge sense of mystery and uncertainty surrounding Hamlets madness is a main attraction of the play. It is possible that Hamlet is suffering from madness of some sort as my essay suggests perhaps melancholic behaviour, or the anger and jealousy Hamlet feels is just too much for him to conceal. However it is also possible that Hamlets behaviour is madness put on by himself, there is evidence to support this theory as everyone in the play who states that Hamlet is mad has like himself got reason to imply this. Hamlet has stated that he would consider putting on an antic disposition as a disguise to conceal his revenge plot against Claudius. It is also a very significant point that the play of Hamlet is not a true story and consequently Hamlet is not a real character/personality in real life, therefore Shakespeare was able to present him and make him seem however, he wished to. It is possible and likely that Shakespeare intended to present Hamlets madness in this ambiguous way giving almost equal reason for Hamlet to be genuinely mad as there is for him to be acting mad.

The Emotion of Fear Essay -- essays research papers

Fear Do all living things fear something? Those with minds surely have many and various fears, but even the simplest organisms must have fear, for fear is such a powerful feeling. Fear is all around us and is felt in every corner of the earth. Fear is the emotion or feeling that a living creature gets when its physical or mental life is interrupted by a change that causes the creature concern.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We humans especially, fear many different things: death, disease, old age, commitment, noises in the night, pain, responsibility, work, being too fat or too thin, or any number of other things. Some of our fears are reasonable and rationale, like the fear for our safety so we lock our doors at night, never walk alone on dark streets, and turn on lots of lights to keep the boogie man away. We fear for our health so we diet, exercise, and eat only healthy foods. Our fears can also help us make wise decisions: where to live, what to do with our money, how to raise our children, even what kind of car to drive and whether or not to drive it. Our fears may be sudden like when your kid brother jumps out behind you and yells ‘boo’. People’s fears can be built up over a long period of time, for example, during the cold war millions of people thought that at any moment they would be attacked by the Russians, so they built bomb shelters because of that fear. Some of our fears come straight from our imagination. They may appear irrational or silly to others but fear, real or imagined, i...

Listless Universities

â€Å"Look at a nation’s school and you will see what society it represents.†-Jose Rizal The introduction of liberalism may seem to have vastly modified what social structures were implemented before. As we go about our daily lives, we are already separated from what the â€Å"supposed† to be agenda of existence is all about. Such a case has driven more and more people to take directions which are no longer of significant use. Everything that has come up to the minds of the younger generations is a bland philosophy. And even though it may seem that people have the taste to achieve living without borders, there is not really a single aspect of intuition where we they are really going. According to All About Philosophy, worthless perception of everything is coined to be nihilism. And it is very possible societies are going this path. It is very true that universities nowadays do not really care more about their social responsibilities. They somehow care less than the previous generation of education institutions. And this is not evident among just any schools out there but actually very obvious even with the supposedly top performing institutions or at least those respectable ones. Apparently, the generations following after the mid 20th century social structure do not need anymore that of what schools can really contribute. But even though this problem is very evident, universities do not count itself as the role model in maintaining the sole purpose of its existence. It has abandoned its children and has neglected the society to structure itself without any care. Universities nowadays are becoming more and more just a â€Å"setting† where the youth can increase their respective social lives. The schools are no longer upholding its power to engage with students as to how education should be treated. The institutions themselves are to blame since they did not really become strong enough to face the changes in the society. They go with the way of the social structure even though they know that they are losing power each day a neglected student enters its corridors. As a clear example, the main objective of today’s universities is to sustain its existence. Of course, no man made institution can survive this capitalist driven world without concerning itself to raising funds. So in effect, schools have become more and more commercialized and providing fewer opportunities for it to interact with the students. Even though the schools have their own shortcomings, it cannot be denied that the society itself is the proponent of such absence of direction. It is very rare that you will find a person talking about the good stuff about nature, very sentiment, and holds his ideal dream of becoming a part of this vast universe. It is very tricky to find such people since each of us interacting with one another are â€Å"supposedly† engaged on our own ideals. So how can we ever distinguish an individual with a direction in life? Philosophically speaking, it is very true that schools reflect only that of society’s character. However, because of such notion, they have tied themselves up to the backdoor of philosophical stability by not meddling with what the external society wishes to track. Universities just accepted the fact that they as mere instruments rather than thinkers which can actually inflict change. They remain silent and just become mirrors which only serve to bounce back what they have been given. Each one of us has his own opinion, own direction in life. But just because we are blessed with such power it does not necessarily mean that everything we are dealing with is in accordance to our principles. One should think first if actions and mindsets represent that of a true thinking human. Otherwise, we will tend to just blame our teaching institutions again and again whereas they only give back what they receive. Works Cited All About Philosophy. Nihilism – Abandoning Values and Knowledge. 2002. .

The Analysis of the Effectiveness of a Management Accounting Technique in an Organisational Setting- with Reference to Guinness Nigeria Plc.

Ado Ekiti University,Ado. Project on†¦. The analysis of the effectiveness of a management accounting technique in an organisational setting- With Reference to Guinness Nigeria Plc. 4988 Words TABLE OF CONTENT Title page Chapter one 1. Introduction 2. Decision-making and management accounting information 3. The concept of Budgeting and Budgetary controls 4. Budgetary control systems 5. Benefits of Budgeting and budgetary controls 6. Behavioural aspect of budgeting 7. Aims and objectives of the study 8. Reason for choosing the topic 9. Introducing Guinness Nigeria plc Chapter Two 1. Introduction 2. Population of the study and sample size 3. Methods of data collection 4. Techniques of data analysis 5. Methods adopted in gathering information Chapter Three 1. Data presentation and analysis 2. Method of data presentation 3. Research hypothesis 4. Distribution of samples 5. Sex distribution 6. Test of hypothesis Chapter Four 1. Summary 2. Findings 3. Conclusion 4. Recommendation Bibliography Appendix A-Questionnaire Appendix B-Spreadsheet CHAPTER ONE 1. 1 INTRODUCTION Accounting as a body of knowledge does not have a single definition. Various authors have come up with different definitions which reflect the period in the evolutionary stages of accounting thoughts during which the definitions was made. According to Bill R. J. Accounting is concerned with the qualification of economic events in monetary terms in order to collect, record, evaluate and communicate past events and to aid in decision making. The American Association of Accounting in 1996 defined accounting as the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgement and decision by users of the information. (Johnson 1987) In a similar vein, Management accounting has been subject of different definitions. One of such is given by T. Lucey who defines it as the application of professional knowledge and skills in the preparation and presentation of accounting information in order to assist management in the formulation of policies and in planning and control. Management accounting is concerned with the provision of information to people saddled with the responsibility of managing the affairs of an organisation in order to assist them to make better and informed decisions and control which eventually culminates in improved efficiency and effectiveness of the overall business affairs. That has always been the focus of Management Accounting. In recent times, Management Accounting is wearing a changed nature. This is seen in the recent developments witnessed in different organisations due to the fact that organisations are making customer satisfaction an overriding priority. Others are adopting new management approaches, changing their manufacturing system into a modern system. To this end, in the last 40 years, the world of manufacturing environments have experienced dramatic changes which was as a result automation at every stage in the manufacturing processes which has changed the typical pattern of cost structures and the ways in which efficiency is achieved. It is worthy of note too that increasingly; products are highly customised and tailored to individual customer’s requirements. Many manufacturing concerns have moved from the era of mass production into the era of flexible production to customer’s specification. The Ernst & Young and Institute of Management Accountant Survey (2003) identifies various management accounting techniques, both traditional and modern which have been contributing immensely to the efficient running of organisations whether large, medium or small organisations. Those tools include Budgeting and Budgetary Controls, Break even analysis, Target costing, Benchmarking, value based management, Value chain analysis and so forth. This research will focus on Budgeting and Budgetary Control due to wide application in businesses regardless of its size. The increasing complexity of business operations and the ever changing conditions of business environment such as the economic, social, technological political development as well as Government policies, make it increasingly difficult for a company to consistently earn profit that would constitute a fair return on the capital invested. There is thus the need to employ modern management tools to improve manager’s efficiency in order to guarantee a steady return on capital invested. . 2 DECISION MAKING AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING INFORMATION. Decision-making is purposeful selection from among a set of alternatives in the light of a given objective. (Oyedijo 1996) Decision-making is not a separate function of management; in fact decision making is intertwined with the other functions such as planning, co-ordinating and controlling. Chiefly among all these functi ons is planning which is described as the foremost and most basic of all management functions and the skill with which it is performed determines to a large extent the success of all operations of an organisation. In planning, managers outline the steps to be taken in moving the organisation towards its objectives. The decision making aspect of management function however ensure that best alternative is selected to achieve the objectives. Budgeting plays a vital role in planning and that has a direct bearing with the strategies to be adopted in an organisation. 1. 3 THE CONCEPT OF BUDGETING AND BUDGETARY CONTROLS A budget is a plan of action, normally expressed in financial terms. It provides a benchmark against which actual performance can be measured and therefore aids control of the organisation. In the CIMA terminology, Budget is defined as â€Å" a plan quantified in monetary terms, prepare and approved prior to a defined period of time, usually showing planned income to be generated and/or expenditure to be incurred during that period and the capital to be employed to attain a given objective†. Some common types of budget in wide use in various organisation include, Fixed Budget, Flexible Budget, Rolling /Continuous Budget and Zero Based Budget. 1. 4 THE BUDGETARY CONTROL SYSTEMS The budgetary control system usually consists of two distinct elements, which are planning and control. Planning involves the setting of various budgets for the appropriate future periods using a suitable budgeting approach. Usually management at various levels in the organisation is involved in this budgetary planning stage for their individual area of responsibilities. The control stage on the other hand involves the comparison of the plan in the form of budgets with the actual results achieved for the appropriate period. Any significant divergent or variation between the budgeted and the actual results should be reported to the appropriate management so as to initiate necessary actions. 1. BENEFITS OF BUDGETING AND BUDGETARY CONTROLS Among other benefits, budgeting if effective in an organisation will help to achieve the following: 1. It compels planning: Management of organisation is/are forced to look ahead into the future. Budgeting also gives the organisation a sense of purpose and direction. 2. It encourages co-ordination of activities: It co-ordinates the various separate aspe cts of the business by providing a master plan for the business as a whole. Though it is impossible to anticipate all decisions, the budget can provide a framework of reference within which later operating decisions can be taken. . Authorising and delegating: Adoption of budgets by management explicitly authorises the decisions made within it. This invariably serves two functions: a) The responsibility to make decisions is delegated to individual managers within the organisation. b) The need continuously to ask for top management ratification of decisions will be reduced to the nearest minimum. 4. Budgeting assists in evaluating performance: One of the functions of accounting information is that it provides basis for the measurement of managerial performance. By setting targets for each manager to achieve, the budget provides a benchmark against which his actual performance can be measured objectively. Before using budget for this purpose however, it must be accepted as reasonable by the individual budget holder whose area of responsibility it covers and whose performance is to be evaluated. 5. Discerning trends: Early detection of budgeting also enables unexpected trends because it gives specific expectation with which actual performance is continuously compered. 6. Communicating and motivating: Budgeting when applied in an organisation should lead to a good communication structure. Managers involved in the setting of budgets for their own areas of responsibility need to have agreed strategies and policies communicated to them. Similarly budgets that have been agreed by managers should provide some motivation towards their achievement. 7. Control: One important benefit of budgeting in an organisation is that it helps to control the business affairs. When the goal have been set for an organisation, the management uses the budgetary system to control the running of the business to evaluate the extent to which those goals are achieved. By a continuous comparison of actual performance with planned results deviations or variances are quickly identified and appropriate action initiated. 1. 6 BEHAVIOURAL ASPECT OF BUDGETING Much have been said and written about the benefits to be derived from a budgetary control system. However, despite the sophistication of most management accounting control techniques they have met with little success. Numerous researches have been conducted to unravel what is responsible for the low success rate and what can be done to remedy the situation. The reasons for the low level of success in practice have been attributed to lack of co-operative attitude of the operating managers to the control techniques. This usually manifest at both planning stage and implementation stage. 1. 7 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE REPORT The aim of this research work is to critically assess the effectiveness of Budgeting as one of the numerous management accounting techniques being utilised in Guinness Nigeria Plc in relation to the achievement of overall organisational objectives. The research will be focussing on the extent to which Budgeting cut across the organisation as a whole and it will examine the behavioural aspect of budgeting among budget holders in the organisation. Is budgeting having direct impact on the financial and economic decisions being made by budget holders? Is budgeting in GN Plc effective in communicating the overall business goals to the managers as well as the employees of the organisation? Is budgeting as a traditional technique being utilised in GN Plc effective in giving Authorisations to budget holder in terms of spending decisions? Is it effective in motivating Managers to make decisions that will have a beneficial effect on the organisation as whole? Is budgeting effective in ensuring adequate control of the business affairs? 1. 8 REASON FOR CHOOSING THE TOPIC The topic: An analysis of the effectiveness of a management accounting technique in an organisational setting; was chosen out a burning desire to learn more about an aspect of accounting that has always been seen as core to the accountancy profession. Though there has been development in the area of budgeting and budgetary control technique, which is the focus of this report. Budgeting has generally been seen as a traditional management accounting technique. Interestingly, despite this description and some beyond budgeting models being developed lately by some scholars, budgeting is still in the widest use in all organisations even in the government corporations. Hence its effectiveness in an organisational setting has remained important to the researcher. 9. INTRODUCING GUINNESS NIGERIA PLC Guinness Nigeria Plc is a blue-chip multinational company that occupies an enviable leading position in the Brewery sector here in Nigeria. The Company is a subsidiary of Diageo a global Company, trading in over 180 markets around the world. Diageo is listed on both the London Stock Exchange (DGE) and the New York Stock Exchange (DEO). Due to its relationship with Diageo, Guinness Nigeria maintains a centralised reporting structure and that has facilitated easy rendition of monthly Accounting reports to the parent company in the UK. Guinness Nigeria is one of the renowned names in beer market in Nigeria and is a member of Food, Beverage and Tobacco Industries. The company came into Nigeria as early as the 19th century; trade had grown sufficiently by 1950s to support a trading company to handle sales and Distribution. The company’s main business is production and distribution of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, which are Foreign Extra Stout, Harp Lager, Malta Guinness, Satzenbrau, Gordon Spark and the newly introduced Guinness Extra Smooth. In 1962, Ikeja Lagos was chosen as the site of the first Guinness Brewery outside Ireland and the Great Britain. His Excellency, Late Hon. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, commissioned the Lagos Brewery the following year the then Gov. General and later President of Nigeria. Steady growth and market for Guinness products over the next 30 years prompted the building of three more breweries in Nigeria, which are in Ogba in Lagos, Oregbemi Estate in Benin and Osisama in Aba. The Accounting system in Guinness Nigeria has been the type that facilitates easy adoption and application of Budgeting throughout the organisation. The company uses the software called the Sun System and the Vision to assist in the business operation as a world class manufacturing company. CHAPTER TWO 2. 1 INFORMATION GATHERING This section is designed to show the process that has been used to gather information in this research. It will answer the fundamental question of how the study will be analysed in the scope of the research work. 2. 2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY AND SAMPLE SIZE Population is the universe of some groups of people or object in which researcher is interested (Asika 1991). This research work concentrate on Guinness Nigeria Plc as a case study in order to assess the effectiveness of budgeting in the organisation. Therefore the population of the study is Guinness Nigeria. Meanwhile, the sample size to be used basically will be some head of functions that are also budget holders; some top management persons as well as middle and lower level managers who are involved with the application of budgeting in the organisation. These are considered to be representative of the population. 2. 3 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION For the purpose of the research and analysis project, two data collection methods employed. These are primary research and secondary research. Primary Research Primary data were obtained through structured personal Interview of some key employees in Guinness Nigeria Plc, Head of Functions who are also budget holders. Questionnaire was also used to elicit information from both decision enablers and the decision-makers within the Organisation. The data so gathered via this means was invaluable and it forms the basis of data analysis and presentation. Secondary Research Two different methods was used in this regard namely, Library research and Electronic research. Library Research: This has been carried out using some facilities like the public Library, ACCA study text as well as the Student Accountant magazine. This book review assisted in giving background knowledge as per the main focus of the research, which is budgeting. Other relevant data were obtained through the company’s internal materials such as the G-News, Management reports and the current annual report. Electronic Research: Business related world wide web sites were visited to have a clue as to what effectiveness of budgeting in an organisation entails. Search engines such as Google was greatly used. I also visited sites like www. nswers. com and www. ft. com. Those sites as usual provides more than necessary information which took considerable time to sort so as to be able to identify the relevant ones. 2. 4 TECHNIQUES OF DATA ANLYSIS The aim of this research is to assess the effectiveness of budgeting in GN Plc as an organisation. For these reason data gathered with the aid of the questionnaire will be analysed using simple percentage given as A% =a/nX100 Where a = Number of response to one option of items in the questionnaire. n = Total number of response to an item A%= The percentage of responses to the option to the total responses to the item. The Chi-square statistical method will also be adopted in the analysis of the research questions 5. METHOD ADOPTED IN GATHERING INFORMAITION Basically, personal Interview was used to elicit information from a number of Budget holders within the organisation. Decision-makers and enablers were also interviewed to assess the extent at which the decision of the responsible individuals within the organisation relates to the budget of every function within the organisation. Questionnaire was also utilised so as to be able to adequately analyse the information so gathered via the personal one on one interview. Questionnaire containing 15 structured questions was circulated via the mail to the respondents who are apparently top management personnel in the organisation and the questionnaire was received a week latter. CHAPTER THREE 1. DATA PRESSENTATION AND ANLYSIS. What was identified and observed in the study are here presented in clear terms using descriptive and explanatory tables and figures. Simple percentages and graphics will be used to analyse some questions, especially those requesting for personal or demographic data or information. The chi-square statistical method will be applied in analysing the research questions which will be restated in the form of hypothetical statements in order to find out whether or not the study has actually achieved its objectives mentioned in chapter one and to what extent are those objectives achieved. 3. 2 METHOD OF DATA PRESANTATION The questionnaire collected were properly edited and coded. Tables charts and percentages are used to analyse the background information of respondents as provided in the first section of the questionnaire. Primarily the hypotheses formulated were tested using the chi-square method of data analysis. The Chi-square method is a non-parametric statistical technique, which do not make rigid assumptions about the distribution of the population parameters and adopt procedures that are not generally concerned with the population parameters, hence they are also called the distribution free statistic. The decision rule states the condition under which the null hypothesis H0 or the alternative hypothesis H1 should be accepted or rejected. Where the calculated values exceed the table value (at a given significance level) null hypothesis is rejected, otherwise the alternative hypothesis is accepted. Mathematically Chi- Square is given as: ?(0? E)2 E Where X2=Chi-Square value calculated ? = Summation O=Observation E= Expected frequency at 5% SL or 95% CL Chi-square is also applicable where there are two sets of variable expressed in frequencies. It is however limited by its inability to give estimates of mean; hence it can not provide confidence interval. 3. 3 RESERCH HYPOTHESIS Based on the aforementioned aims of the study and research questions mentioned above the following research hypothesis are formulated. Hypothesis I: HO: That budgeting and budgetary controls are not effective in ensuring the achievement of organisation objectives. Q 6& Q 8 HI: That budgeting and budgetary controls are very effective in ensuring that organisation objectives are achieved. Hypothesis II HO: That budgeting is not effective in ensuring adequate control of business affairs Q 10 HI: That budgeting is very effective in ensuring adequate control of business affairs. Hypothesis III HO: That budgeting fails to give authorisation to budget holders when making decisions relating already agreed budget. HI: That budgeting gives authorisation to budget holders to make decision provided that has been agreed in the budget. 3. 4 DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLES The population of the study has been respondent from Guinness Nigeria Plc who occupies top management positions, middle management and lowers management. However, the sample size is 40, which implies that 40 questionnaires were administered, out of which 30 were returned. Table 3. 4. 1 |No of Questionnaire | | |% Response | |Designation |Administered |Response |Refusal | | |Top Management |10 |8 |2 |27 | |Middle Management |17 |12 |5 |40 | |Lower Management |13 |10 |3 |33 | |Total |40 |30 |10 |100 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY 2005. RESPONDENT PROFILES Chart 3. 4. 1 INTERPRETATION The above table shows that out of the 30 questionnaire returned, which is 75% of the total questionnaire administered. Top management responses represents 27% of the total response, 40% responses was from the middle management and the remaining 33% of the respondents were lower level managers that involved in the implementation of budgets and budgetary controls. 3. 5 SEX DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS Table 3. 5. 1 |VARIABLES |RESPONDENTS |PERCENATGES | |Male |21 |70 | |Female |9 |30 | |Total |30 |100 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY 2005 INTERPRETATION: From the table above, the female respondents represent 30% of the responses received that shows that the male respondents are more than the female counterpart by a margin of 40%. This shows that there are more males who occupy management positions in Guinness Nigeria Plc when compared with females. 3. 6 TEST OF HYPOTESIS: This section of data analysis and presentation is arrived at testing the hypothesis formulated for the study. These are three hypothesis formulated. HO: denotes the Null hypothesis while HI: denotes the Alternative hypothesis, which is accepted once the Null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore for the purpose of this research work and for the testing of the validity of hypothesis the significant level used 5% or 0. 05. The degree of freedom ‘at’ varies I relation to analysis. The degree of freedom is the product of number of rows less one and number of column less one, and is denoted as: df = ( r-1 )(c-1) Where, r & c are number of row and column respectively HYPOTHESIS 1 HO: That budgeting and budgetary controls are not effective in ensuring that organisation objectives are achieved. HI: That budgeting and budgetary controls are effective in ensuring that organisation objectives are achieved. This hypothesis is to determine whether budgeting and budgetary controls assist in achieving organisation objectives. Question 6 & 8 was used from the questionnaire to test the hypothesis. Summary of observation is tabulated hereunder. DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO HYPOTHETICAL QUESTION 1. Table 3. 6. 1 VARIABLES | YES | NO |TOTAL | |Top management | 14 | 2 | 16 | |Middle management | 22 | 2 | 24 | |Lower management | 10 | 10 | 20 | | | 46 | 7 | 60 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY 2005. YES RESPONSES NO RESPONSES E1= 46 *16 E1= 14 * 16 60. = 12. 27 60 = 3. 3 E2= 46 * 24 E2= 1 4 * 24 60 = 18. 40 60 = 5. 60 E3= 46 * 20 E3= 14 * 20 60 = 15. 33 60 = 4. 67 CALCULATION OF CHI- SQUARE Table 3. 6. 2 |O |E |O – E |( O – E )2 |X2 | |14 |12. 27 |1. 73 |2. 993 |0. 244 | |20 |16. 87 |3. 13 |9. 797 |0. 81 | |10 |15. 33 |-5. 37 |28. 409 |1. 853 | |2 |3. 73 |-1. 73 |2. 993 |0. 802 | |2 |5. 13 |-3. 13 |9. 797 |1. 910 | |10 |4. 67 |5. 33 |28. 409 |6. 083 | | | | | |11. 473 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY 2005. From the above table the chi-square calculated is 11. 473. The degree of freedom is calculated as (r-1)(c-1) i. e. (3-1) (2-1)=2. At 5% significance level, the chi-square calculated is greater than the tabulated value, which is 5. 991 from the chi-square table (X2c>X2t) that is 11. 473>5. 991. Therefore H0: (null hypothesis) is rejected while the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted. In order words, the study has shown that budgeting and budgetary controls plays a vital role in the achievement of the overall objectives of the organisation. HYPOTHESIS II H0: That budgeting and budgetary controls are not effective in ensuring adequate control of business affairs. H1: That budgeting and budgetary control system plays a vital role in ensuring adequate control of business affairs. RESPONSE DISTRIBUTION OF HYPOTHETICAL QUESTION 2 Table 3. 6. 3 RESPONDENTS | RESPONSES | | | | |YES |NO |TOTAL | |Top Management |7 |1 |8 | |Middle management |11 |1 |12 | |Lower management |5 |5 |10 | |TOTAL |23 |7 |30 | CALCULATION OF EXPECTED FREQUENCY (E) FOR THE RESPONSES YES RESPONSENO RESPONSE E1= 23 X 8 = 6. 137 X 8 = 1. 87 3030 E2=23 X 12 = 9. 07 X 12 = 2. 80 3030 E3=23 X 10 = 7. 677 X 10 = 2. 33 3030 CALCULATION OF CHI SQUARE Table 3. 6. 4 |O |E |O – E |( O – E )2 |X2 = ( O – E ) 2/E | |7 |6. 13 |0. 87 |0. 757 |0. 123 | |11 |9. 20 |1. 80 |3. 24 |0. 352 | |5 |7. 67 |-2. 67 |7. 13 |0. 929 | |1 |1. 87 |-0. 87 |0. 757 |0. 05 | |1 |2. 80 |-1. 80 |3. 24 |1. 157 | |5 |2. 33 |2. 67 |7. 13 |3. 060 | | | | | |6. 027 | From the above table X2 calculated is 6. 027 Degree of freedom given as (r-1)(c-1) = (3 – 1)(2-1) = 2 DECISION RULE Question 10 was used for the above analysis. At 5% level of significant, Chi square calculated is greater than the table value of chi square (X2c > X2 t) That is 6. 027 > 5. 991. Therefore the HO: is rejected while the alternative hypothesis H1 is accepted. In other words the study confirms that budgeting and budgetary control is effective in ensuring adequate control of business affairs. HYPOTHESIS III HO: That budgeting fails to give authorisation to budget holders when making decisions relating to already agreed budgets. HI: That budgeting gives necessary authorisation to budget holder to make decisions provided that was been agreed in the budget. Question 15 in the questionnaire was used to lest the above hypothesis. The outcome of the observations made is recorded hereunder. RESPONSE DISTRIBUTION IN HYPOTHETICAL QUESTION 3. Table 3. 6. 5 VARIABLES |YES |NO |TOTAL | |TOP MGT |8 |0 |8 | |MIDDLE MGT |10 |2 |12 | |LOWER MGT |5 |5 |10 | | |23 |7 |30 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY 2005. CALCULATION OF EXPECTED FREQUENCY (E) FOR THE RESPONSES YES RESPONSENO RESPONSE E1 = 23 X 8 = 6. 13 7 X 8 = 1. 87 3030 E2 =23 X 12 = 9. 207 X 12 = 2. 80 3030 E3 =23 X 10 = 7. 677 X 10 = 2. 33 3030 CALCULATION OF CHI-SQUARE Table 3. 6. 6 |E |O – E |( O – E )2 |X2 = ( O – E ) 2/E | |O | | | | | |8 |6. 13 |1. 87 |3. 497 |0. 570 | |10 |9. 20 |0. 8 |0. 64 |0. 0696 | |5 |7. 67 |2. 67 |7. 123 |0. 9294 | |0 |1. 87 |-1. 87 |3. 497 |1. 870 | |2 |2. 80 |0. 8 |0. 64 |0. 229 | |5 |2. 3 |2. 67 |7. 129 |3. 060 | | | | | |6. 728 | From the table above X2 calculated is 6. 728. Degree of freedom is (r-1)(c-1), which is: (3-1)(2-1) =2 DECISION RULE At 5% significance level, chi-square calculated is greater than the tabulated value i. e. 6. 728>5. 991. Hence, the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted. This also establish the fact that agreed budgets give authorisations to budget holders when making decisions that borders on such budgets. The word effectiveness is a continuum and as such, despite the fact that the entire hypothesis supported the fact that budgeting and budgetary controls are effective in Gunnies Nigeria Plc. It is imperative to note that this management accounting technique is more effective is some of the departments in the organisation and less effective in others. The reason is because of the attitude of some functional heads to some of the usefulness of budgeting and budgetary controls. CHAPTER FOUR SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION The thrust of this study is to assess the effectiveness of budgeting and budgetary controls in Guinness Nigeria Plc. Budgeting though often described as a traditional management accounting technique has been in wide use in organisations regardless of its size. The report has focused on the effectiveness of budgeting and budgetary controls as a management accounting technique being applied throughout Guinness Nigeria Plc. It began with a brief description of accounting and management accounting. Review of various write-ups on the topic was carried out to establish what an effective budgeting and budgetary control system is like. The literature reviewed highlights some benefits which management hope to achieve from the adoption of good budgeting and budgetary control system, it also shows the behavioural aspect of budgeting, indicating that if not carefully applied Budgeting can lead to dysfunctional behaviour. In general, the opinion of various scholars on budgeting and budgetary control is that it plays a vital role in the management of any business. Thus having evaluated the activities of Guinness Nigeria Plc with respect to budgeting and budgetary controls system the major findings from the research are as follows: 1. The Zero based budgeting method proposed first by Peter A. Phyrr of Texas has been adopted in Guinness for all areas of activities evidently because of the benefits associated with that approach to budgeting. The adoption of Zero based budgeting method in Guinness Nigeria was as a result of the need to improve the challenge around cost since cost management has been seen as a key contributor towards achieving strategic objectives and goals in GN Plc. 2. To avoid dysfunctional behaviour often associated with budgeting and budgetary control systems. Guinness Nigeria Plc has adopted a participatory approach when establishing budget for each of the department in the organisation. Budget holders with help of accountants in the organisation are actively involved in the preparation of budget for individual manager’s area of responsibility. 3. The information system in GNPLC has been the type that facilitates easy application of budgeting and budgetary control across the business. Budget holders are periodically made aware of their positions in relation to the agreed budget in monthly basis. A report is usually generated at the end of every month comparing the actual activity level with the budget. This enable budget holder to better manage their budget holder to better manage their budgets at the same explanation is sought. 4. There is the business Risk department in Guinness Nigeria Plc. This department handles the change aspect of budgeting and budgetary control for the organisation as a whole. Uncertainty in planning is adequately taken care of by this department CONCLUSION This study has shown that budgeting and budgetary controls have being effective management accounting technique being applied in Guinness Nigeria Plc. With the help of some statistical models used in the analysis of the hypothetical statements formulated (Chi-square). The report has shown that budgeting and budgetary control is effective means of ensuring adequate control of business affairs. However budget has to be realistic if it is to motivate budget holders and discourage dysfunctional behaviour. The research has also shown that budgeting is effective in giving authorisation to budget holders when making decisions that has been agreed upon in the budget. RECOMMENDATIONS While it can be said that budgeting and budgetary control is effective in Guinness Nigeria Plc when what the management hope to achieve with it is considered, some are of the opinion that budgeting is not very effective due to the fact that some budget holders constantly overrun their budgets and without sanctions. It is therefore recommended that agreed budgets, which are realistic, should serve the purpose of good performance measure for budget holders. Excellent budget management should be applauded and inadequacies given due consideration. The organisation need to be wary of some adverse impact that too heavy a reliance on agreed budget can have on management behaviour which can be dysfunctional with regard to the objectives of the organisation as a whole. It is recommended that some beyond budgeting models identified by some scholars such as Hope and Fraser should be considered and the possibility of their adoption examined. It is also important that budget holders receive enlightenment from time to time on how to better manage their budgets. There must be a continuos revision of budgets, written statement of authorities and responsibility. There is need to effectively harmonise budget plans with the various other management accounting techniques for optimum result since budget and budgetary controls are only a means to an end and not an end in its own. It is also important that management seek for ways to match authorisation that effective budgeting hope to achieve with approval. Finally, for a budget plan to be fully realised, its conceptualisation, preparation and implementation must be anchored on objectivity and sincerity of purpose without which the whole process of budgeting and budgetary controls will become a game of chance. BIBLIOGRAPHY ACCA Study Text (2005) Performance Management. London, FTC Foulks Lynch Publishing ACCA Study Text (2004) Financial Management and control. London, FTC Foulks Lynch Publishing Ade Oyedijo (1996) Introduction to Management. Nigeria, Paramount Books.. Asika, N. (1991) Research Methodology in the behavioural Science Bill R. J. Essentials of Management. London,Cooper publishing BPP Tutorial Text (2004) Success in your Research and Analysis Project. London, BPP publishing Callan, J. F & Clark, L. H. (1988) Teaching in the middle and secondary schools. 3rd Edition New York, Macmillan publishing Cameron, S. (2002) Business students’ Handbook: Learning skills for study and employment. nd Edition, Harlow, Financial Times/Prentice Hall Haper W. M. (1982) Cost and Management Accounting Vol2 2nd Edition London, Macdonald & Evans Ltd. Hussey, J. Hussey, R. (1997) Business Research. Basingstoke, Macmillan Idowu, K. Johnson (1987) Accounting information for Management. Nigeria, Olu Akin Publ ishers Kim, E. C. & Kellough, R. C. (1987) A resource guide for secondary school Teaching. 3rd Edition. New York, Macmillan Publishing Luck, M. (1999) Your Student Research Project. Aldershot, Gower Lucey, T. (1992) Costing. 4th Edition. London, ELBS Lucey, T. (1993) Management Accounting. London, ELBS Newcomb, L. H. , McCracken, J. D. & Warmbrod, J. R. 1986) Methods of teaching Agriculture. Danville Interstate printers. Wilson, R Budgetary Controls. New York, Alexander Hamilton, Institute ELECTRONIC Ball, C. (2003) Chi-Square Tutorial assessed 4th October 2005 available online @ http://www. georgetown. edu Ernst & Young LLP (2003) 2003 Survey of Management Accounting. Assessed 25th April 2005 available online @ http://www. ey. com Joe Landsberger (2005) Active listening. Assessed 12th September 2005 available online @ http://www. studyguide. com JOURNALS AND MAGAZINES Guinness News (2005) A Corporate Newsletter of Gunness Nigeria Plc. Student Accountant ( 2005) Beyond budgeting mod els ———————– [pic]

Free Essays on Christiology

Each of us has our own perspective on Christ which is neither personal nor time bound. Our impressions of Christ are shaped by whole historical communities. Our explorations, which are guided by tradition and community, help form the image of Jesus as Christ through our human lenses. Our â€Å"perspectives† themselves can and are influenced by other perspectives which reflect our interpretations of the nature, person and deeds of Christ. As Brennan Hill, author of Jesus The Christ: Contemporary Perspectives states, â€Å"All people are shaped and influenced by the locale in which they grew up, by the political and social forces that surround them, and by the religious milieu in which they are raised. Jesus was no exception.† The Christological perspective is at the center of all Christian worldviews, and without Christological insight, Christianity would be empty . Christianity, by its very nature does in fact accommodate a spectrum of Christological thought. Within t he Body of Christ itself we find diversity . It is essential to determine the relationship of the mystery of Christ to my own contemporary self-understandings to create my individual Christological thought. We look at what we know about Christ in light of history, doctrine, and interdisciplinary explorations . The Gospels themselves put forth five Christological perspectives. Our images of God's ways and God's Will are rooted in Scripture. Scripture, however, God’s Will and Christology are not explained in terms of the relationship between the two. As Christians we look to the view, which is most faithful to the life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The Gospels give us different portraits of Christ, in which enables us to see God through many contexts. Though Gospel content of Jesus’ life, death and resurrection we expand our knowledge into an inclusive study of various perspectives, controversies, ideological tensions and contemporary global interpretations... Free Essays on Christiology Free Essays on Christiology Each of us has our own perspective on Christ which is neither personal nor time bound. Our impressions of Christ are shaped by whole historical communities. Our explorations, which are guided by tradition and community, help form the image of Jesus as Christ through our human lenses. Our â€Å"perspectives† themselves can and are influenced by other perspectives which reflect our interpretations of the nature, person and deeds of Christ. As Brennan Hill, author of Jesus The Christ: Contemporary Perspectives states, â€Å"All people are shaped and influenced by the locale in which they grew up, by the political and social forces that surround them, and by the religious milieu in which they are raised. Jesus was no exception.† The Christological perspective is at the center of all Christian worldviews, and without Christological insight, Christianity would be empty . Christianity, by its very nature does in fact accommodate a spectrum of Christological thought. Within t he Body of Christ itself we find diversity . It is essential to determine the relationship of the mystery of Christ to my own contemporary self-understandings to create my individual Christological thought. We look at what we know about Christ in light of history, doctrine, and interdisciplinary explorations . The Gospels themselves put forth five Christological perspectives. Our images of God's ways and God's Will are rooted in Scripture. Scripture, however, God’s Will and Christology are not explained in terms of the relationship between the two. As Christians we look to the view, which is most faithful to the life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The Gospels give us different portraits of Christ, in which enables us to see God through many contexts. Though Gospel content of Jesus’ life, death and resurrection we expand our knowledge into an inclusive study of various perspectives, controversies, ideological tensions and contemporary global interpretations...

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